Za'atar

A group of herbs and a Middle Eastern spice blend, containing sumac, sesame seeds and the herb za'atar itself. The fresh herbs are available only around the Mediterranean. Local Lebanese and Middle Eastern shops sell the spice blend, which is sprinkled on bread before baking. Good with barbecued meat.

Turmeric

Curcuma longa. Available as a whole root, the dried and ground aromatic rhizome is sometimes referred to as 'Indian saffron', but there is no comparison. Used to color butter, cheese and mustard. Buy ground and keep in a cool, dark place. Cook a little with rice for a golden color.

Sumac

Rhus coriaria. The dried berries of this Mediterranean shrub are ground into a reddish-purplish powder. Available in local Lebanese and Middle Eastern food stores, sumac is used to infuse a dish with lemon flavor, without adding any liquid and is sprinkled on fattoush.

Wasabi

The root of a native Japanese plant, eaten freshly grated or made into a paste. A green, powdered form is available, which is mixed into a paste with water. Used with sashimi and sushi, this hot condiment is mixed with soy sauce for dipping.

Tamarind

Tamarindus indica. Available as pulp, paste or assam powder, this substance adds a sour flavor. Used in Indian curries. To use the pulp, soak in hot water, stand 20 minutes, then extract liquid from the pulp. Use paste and powder after dissolving.

Star Anise

Illicium verum. This fruit of an evergreen tree has a aniseed flavor. Buy whole or ground and use to flavor Asian dishes, such as stir-fries, pork, veal and duck, and biryani rice. Also used in liqueurs and to disguise medicinal flavors.

Vanilla

Vanilla planifolia. This spice originates from the orchid family. The pods are harvested while immature, so they don't burst. Use to flavor sweet dishes, such as ice creams, puddings, cakes and pies, especially those containing chocolate. Also in liquid form.

Sunflower Seed

Helianthus annuus. Native to Peru, the dried seeds of the sunflower plant are extensively used in the manufacture of oil. When roasted, they are eaten as a healthy snack or sprinkled over salads.

Sesame Seed

Sesamum indicum. Native to India, the dried fruits of the sesame plant are frequently used to flavor and garnish breads, and to make oil. Available in black and white varieties. Ground sesame seeds are the main ingredients in tahini and halva.

Sichuan or Chinese Pepper

Xanthoxylum piperitum. Like sansho powder, these berries come from the prickly ash and are not related to the peppercorn. They have a distinctive and intense flavor. Buy whole or ground; dry-roast the whole berries for best results.